TENSES (STRUCTURE 2)

TENSES

          Adalah gambaran atau penjelasan kapan suatu peristiwa, perbuatan, kegiatan atau tindakan terjadi dalam kalimat : lampau, sekarang atau  yang akan datang. Disini saya akan menjelaskan apa saja bagian-bagian tenses itu. Seperti yang kita ketahui, Tenses ada 16 bagian, tetapi sebenarnya Tenses ada 32 bagian. Sekarang saya hanya akan menjelaskan ke-16 Tenses saja dan saya akan mengelompokkannya ke dalam 4 bagian besar Tenses, yaitu :

I.         Present Tense

Dibagi menjadi 4 bagian kecil, yaitu :

a.     Simple Present Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu pekerjaan, peristiwa atau kejadian yang terjadi hari ini dan berulang kali dilakukan atau menrupakan suatu kebiasaan sehari-hari. Dalam Simple Present Tense ada 2 rumus yang digunakan, yaitu :

·         Nominal :

§  (+) S + Tobe + C

§  (-) S + Tobe + Not + C

§  (?) Tobe + S + C

Example :        (+) She is a student

            (-) She isn’t a student

            (?) Is she a student?

            (WH) Who is she?

·         Verbal :

§  (+) S + V₁ + es/s + C

§  (-) S Do/Does + Not + V₁ + C

§  (?) Do/Does + S V₁ + C

Example :        (+) I go to school everday                               (+) She eats an apple

            (-) I don’t go to school everyday                    (-) She doesn’t eat an apple

            (?) Do you go to school everyday?                 (?) Does she eat an apple?

            (WH) Where do you go everyday?                 (WH) What does she eat?

*NB : Jika subjeknya tunggal (she,he,it) memakai es/s dan does

          Jika subjeknya jamak (I, you, we, they) memakai do dan tidak ada es/s

b.    Present Continuous tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian, perbuatan atau pekerjaan yang sedang berlangsung (terjadi) pada saat sekarang (waktu bicara). Dalam Present Continuous Tense hanya ada 1 rumus yang digunakan, yaitu :

·         Formula :

§  (+) S + Tobe + V₁ + -ing + C

§  (-) S + Tobe + Not + V₁ + -ing + C

§  (?) Tobe + S V₁ + -ing +C

Example :        (+) I am writing a letter now

                        (-) I am not writing a letter now

                        (?) Am I writing a letter now?

                        (WH) What are you doing now?

c.     Present Perfect Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan, peristiwa atau kejadian yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih ada hubungannya dengan sekarang atau sama juga seperti pengulangan pekerjaan (repeation activities). Dalam Present Perfect Tense terdapat 2 rumus yang digunakan, yaitu :

·         Nominal :

§  (+) S + Have/Has + Been + C

§  (-) S + Have/Has + Not + Been + C

§  (?) Have/Has + S + Been + C

Example :        (+) I have been here since morning

                        (-) I haven’t been here since morning

                        (?) Have you been here since morning?

                        (WH) When have you been here?

·         Verbal :

§  (+) S + Have/Has + V₃ + C

§  (-) S + Have/Has + Not + V₃ + C

§  (?) Have/Has + S + V₃ + C

Example :        (+) She has eaten my bread just now

                        (-) She hasn’t eaten my bread just now

(?) Has she eaten my beard just now?

(WH) Who has eaten your bread just now?

d.    Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung hingga sekarang. Dalam Present Perfect Continuous Tense hanya digunakan 1 rumus, yaitu :

·         Formula :

§  (+) S + Have/Has + Been + V₁ + -ing + C

§  (-) S + Have/Has + Not + Been + V₁ + -ing + C

§  (?) Have/Has + S + Been + V₁ + -ing + C

Example :        (+) I have been waiting for an hour

                        (-) I haven’t been waiting for an hour

                        (?) Have you been waiting for an hour?

                        (WH) When you have been waiting?

II.    Past Tense

Dibagi menjadi 4 bagian kecil, yaitu :

a.     Simple Past Tense

Untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu perbuatan atau kegiatan terjadi pada waktu lampau dan berakhir pada saat tertentu diwaktu lampau dan waktu terjadinya diketahui. Dalam Simple Past Tense digunakan 2 rumus, yaitu :

·        Nominal :

§  (+) S + Was/Were + C

§  (-) S + Was/Were + Not + C

§  (?) Was/Were + S + C

Example :        (+) The train was 10 minutes late

                        (-) The train wasn’t 10 minutes late

                        (?) Was the train 10 minutes late?

                        (WH) When the train was late?

·        Verbal :

§  (+) S + V₂ + C

§  (-) S + Did + Not + V₁ + C

§  (?) Did + S + V₁ + C

Example :        (+) He played badminton yesterday

                        (-) He didn’t play badminton yesterday

                        (?) Did he play badminton yesterday?

                        (WH) When he did play badminton?

b.    Past Continuous Tense

Untuk menunjukkan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau ketika peristiwa lain terjadi. Dalam Past Continuous Tense digunakan 1 rumus, yaitu :

·         Formula :

§  (+) S + Was/Were + V₁ + -ing + C

§  (-) S + Was/Were + Not + V₁ + -ing + C

§  (?) Was/Were + S + V₁ + -ing + C

Example :        (+) She was reading a book when I watched Television

                        (-) She wasn’t reading a book when I watched Television

                        (?) Was she reading a book when I watched television?

                        (WH) What was she reading when you watched Television?

c.     Past Perfect Tense

Untuk menunjukkan suatu peristiwa yang sudah selesai dilakukan pada waktu lampau atau menerangkan suatu peristiwa yang lebih dahulu terjadi diantara 2 kejadian yang dibicarakan. Dalam Past Perfect Tense digunakan 2 rumus, yaitu :

·         Nominal :

§  (+) S + Had + Been + C

§  (-) S + Had + Not + Been + C

§  (?) Had + S + Been + C

Example :        (+) We had been at school when you went to Solo

                        (-) We hadn’t been at school when you went to Solo

(?) Had we been at school when you went to Solo?

                        (WH) Who went to Solo when we had been at school?

·         Verbal :

§  (+) S + Had + V₃ + C

§  (-) S + Had + Not + V₃ + C

§  (?) Had + S + V₃ + C

Example :        (+) You had slept when I come last night

                        (-) You hadn’t slept when I come last night

                        (?) Had you slept when I come last night?

                        (WH) When you had slept when I come?

d.    Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Untuk menunjukkan suatu peristiwa yang sudah dimulai pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung pada waktu lampau pula. Dalam Past Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan 1 rumus, yaitu :

·         Formula :

§  (+) S + Had + Been + V₁ + -ing + C

§  (-) S + Had + Not + Been + V₁ + -ing + C

§  (?) Had + S + Been + V₁ + -ing + C

Example :        (+) They had been singing, when we studied dancing

                        (-) They hadn’t been singing, when we studied dancing

                        (?) Had they been singing, when we studied dancing?

                        (WH) Who had been singing, when we studied dancing?

III.       Future Tense

Dibagi menjadi 4 bagian kecil, yaitu :

a.     Simple Future Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan dilakukan pada waktu yang akan datang. Dalam Simple Future Tense digunakan 2 rumus, yaitu :

·         Nominal :

§  (+) S + Will/Shall + Be + C

§  (-) S+ Will/Shall + Not + Be + C

§  (?) Will/Shall + S + Be + C

Example :        (+) Aerilyn will be here next year

                        (-) Aerilyn won’t be here next year

                        (?) Will Aerilyn be here next year?

                        (WH) When she will be here?

·         Verbal :

§  (+) S + Will/Shall + V₁ + C

§  (-) S + Will/Shall + Not + V₁ + C

§  (?) Will/Shall + S + V₁ + C

Example :        (+) I will go to Surabaya next month

                        (-) I won’t go to Surabaya next month

                        (?) Will I go to Surabaya next month?

                        (WH) Who will go to Surabaya next mont?

b.    Future Continuous Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang. Dalam Future Continuous Tense digunakan 1 rumus, yaitu :

·         Formula :

§  (+) S + Will/Shall + Be + V₁ + -ing + C

§  (-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Be + V₁ + -ing + C

§  (?) Will/Shall + S + Be + V₁ + -ing + C

Example :        (+) He will be playing basketball next week

                        (-) He won’t be playing basketball next week

                        (?) Will he be playing basketball next week?

                        (WH) When he will be playing basketball?

c.     Future Perfect Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan dilakukan tetapi telah tertunda tetapi akan dilakukan pekerjaan itu. Dalam Future Perfect Tense digunakan 2 rumus, yaitu :

·         Nominal :

§  (+) S + Will/Shall + Have + Been + C

§  (-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Have + Been + C

§  (?) Will/Shall + S + Have + Been + C

Example :        (+) Riri will have been at market

                        (-) Riri won’t have been at market

                        (?) Will Riri have been at market?

                        (WH) Who will have been at market?

·         Verbal :

§  (+) S + Will/Shall + Have + V₃ + C

§  (-) S + Will/Shall + Not + Have + V₃ + C

§  (?) Will/Shall + S + Have + V₃ + C

Example :        (+) We will have finished our work by Monday

                        (-) We won’t have finished our work by Monday

                        (?) Will we have finished our work by Monday?

                        (WH) When we will have finished our work?

d.    Future Perfect continuous Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang sudah pada waktu lampau tetapi masih ada kemungkinan untuk dilanjutkan pada waktu yang akan datang. Dalam Future Perfect Tense digunakan 1 rumus, yaitu :

·         Formula :

§  (+) S + Will/Shall + Have + Been + V₁ + -ing + C

§  (-) S + Will/Shall + Not + have + Been + V₁ + -ing + C

§  (?) Will/Shall + S + Have + Been + V₁ + -ing + C

Example :        (+) She will have been working in the office

                        (-) She won’t have been working in the office

                        (?) Will she have been working in the office

                        (WH) Where she will have been working?

IV.   Past Future Tense

Dibagi menjadi 4 bagian kecil, yaitu :

a.     Past Future Tense

Untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian yang akan datang dilakukan pada waktu lampau. Dalam Past Future Tense digunakan 2 rumus, yaitu :

·         Nominal :

§  (+) S + Should/Would + Be + C

§  (-) S + Should/Would + Not + Be + C

§  (?) Should/Would + S + Be + C

Example :        (+) I should be scholar

                        (-) I shouldn’t be scholar

                        (?) Should you be scholar?

                        (WH) Who Should be scholar?

·         Verbal :

§  (+) S + Should/Would + V₁ + C

§  (-) S + Should/Would + Not + V₁ + C

§  (?) Should/Would + S + V₁ + C

Example :        (+) You should give us your book the week before

                        (-) You shouldn’t give us your book the week before

                        (?) Should you give us your book the week before?

                        (WH) Who should give us the book the week before?

b.    Past Future Continuous Tense

Untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau. Dalam Past Future Continuous Tense digunakan 1 rumus, yaitu :

·         Formula :

§  (+) S + Should/Would + Be + V₁ + -ing + C

§  (-) S + Should/Would + Not + Be + V₁ + -ing + C

§  (?) Should/Would + S + Be + V₁ + -ing + C

Example :        (+) I should be meeting in the office 2 days again

                        (-) I shouldn’t be meeting in the office 2 days again

                        (?) Should you be meeting in the office 2 days again?

                        (WH) When you should be meeting in the office?

c.     Past Future Perfect Tense

Untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian yang tidak terjadi, mungkin terjadi atau sebenarnya dapat dilakukan namun tidak berhasil dilakukan dimasa lampau. Dalam Past Future Perfect Tense digunakan 2 rumus, yaitu :

·         Nominal :

§  (+) S + Should/Would + Have + Been + C

§  (-) S + Should/Would + Not + Have + Been + C

§  (?) Should/Would + S + Have + Been + C

Example :        (+) She would have been married if her parents had permitted

                        (-) She wouldn’t have been married if her parents had permitted

                        (?) Would she have been married if her parents had permitted?

                        (WH) Who would have been married if her parents had permitted?

·         Verbal :

§  (+) S + Should/Would + Have + V₃ + C

§  (-) S + Should/Would + Not + Have + V₃ + C

§  (?) Should/Would + S + Have + V₃ + C

Example :        (+) I should have seen John if I had come earlier

                        (-) I shouldn’t have seen John if I had come earlier

                        (?) Should you have seen John if I had come earlier?

                        (WH) Who should have seen John if I had come earlier?

d.    Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang akan sedang terjadi dan masih berlanjut dimasa lampau. Dalam Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan 1 rumus, yaitu :

·         Formula :

§  (+) S + Would + Have + Been + V₁ + -ing + C

§  (-) S + Would + Not + Have + Been + V₁ + -ing + C

§  (?) Would + S + Have + Been + V₁ + -ing + C

Example :        (+) He would have been playing chess yesterday

                        (-) He wouldn’t have been playing chess yesterday

                        (?) Would he have been playing chess yesterday?

                        (WH) When he would have been playing chess?